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Table 5 Summary of closed-loop targeting and feedback-controlled therapy

From: Deep bleeder acoustic coagulation (DBAC)—Part I: development and in vitro testing of a research prototype cuff system

Phantom (by size)

Bleeder location

Number of tiles

Targeting convergence success rate

Dose time (s)

ΔT (eod): set point dosing threshold (temperature) (°C)

ΔT (eod): average RNN estimated temperature rise) (°C)

ΔT (eod): (TC measured temperature rise) (°C)

7.5 cm

Lower

3

2/3

11.2

5

5

1.5a

Middle 2

2

2/2

8.3

5

5.8

n/ab

Middle 3

2

0/2

8

5

5.1

2.2

15 cm

Middle

4

3/4

25.2

15

15.2

13.5c

Upper

3

3/3

11.3

5

5.1

12/4d

Lower

3

2/3

15.1

5

4.5

3

Lower 2

2

2/2

13.2

5

6.8

6

25 cm

Middle

3

1/3

15

5

6

4.5

Middle 2

3

2/3

12.6

5

5.7

2

Middle 3

2

1/2

9.3

5

6

4

Lower

2

2/2

18.75

5

5.5

30/10e

  1. aInsufficient ΔT; thermal peaking cross-check revealed foci off the TC by X = 3 mm, Y = 5 mm, and Z = 6 mm
  2. bAbnormal ΔT measured (decreasing); wiring check found no error. High-power dose shot used; damaged PVA vessel; dissection was needed to confirm the location of TC and condition of the vessel branch
  3. cThe first experiment; ∆T threshold = 15 °C and resulted in phantom vessel damage; subsequent ∆ thresholds set to 5 °C
  4. dTC measured oscillatory temperature curves. Speculate multiple beams struck TC producing varying viscous heating artifact
  5. eTC showed a smooth ΔT rise to 30 °C on one TC and an oscillatory ΔT response on the other TC
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Journal of Therapeutic Ultrasound

ISSN: 2050-5736