Characterization and evaluation of tissue-mimicking gelatin phantoms for use with MRgFUS

Table 2 Property values for gelatin phantoms and representative soft tissues (average ± 1 standard deviation)

Property	125-bloom gelatin phantom	175-bloom gelatin phantom	250-bloom gelatin phantom	Brain	Breast	Fat	Muscle
Speed of sound (m/s) (n = 1, N = 6)	1553 ± 21	1551 ± 15	1553 ± 10	1562 [30]	1510 [30]	1476_sc [30]	1582_sk [30]
Attenuation (dB/cm/MHz) (n = 1, N = 6)	0.50 ± 0.05	0.53 ± 0.08	0.54 ± 0.08	0.58 [30]	0.75 [30]	0.6_sc [30]	1.1_sk [30]
T₁ @ 3T (ms) (n = 1^a, N = 1)	970 ± 3	853 ± 3	1093 ± 5	1084_wm [40]	1445_gl [41]	367_br [41]	1412 [40]
T₂ @ 3T (ms) (n = 1^a, N = 1)	58 ± 7	55 ± 7	67 ± 12	65_wm [40]	22_gl [42]	68 [43]	42 [40]
Density (kg/m³) (n = 6, N = 1)	1067 ± 34	1058 ± 35	1057 ± 44	1041 [44]	1058 [44]	911 [44]	1090 [44]
Young’s modulus (kPa) (n = 6, N = 3^b)	9.5 ± 1.8	18.8 ± 2.7	29.4 ± 4.7	0.5–6 [45–47]	22–76_gl [48]	12–26_br [48]	6–15_rst [30, 49, 50]
Thermal diffusivity (mm²/s) (n = 3^c, N = 1)	0.144 ± 0.004	0.147 ± 0.004	0.143 ± 0.003	0.138 [30]	0.728_br [51]	0.0741 [51]	0.148 [30]
Specific heat capacity (J/kg/K) (n = 3^c, N = 1)	3673 ± 159	3451 ± 97	3635 ± 88	3630 [44]	2960_gl [44]	2348 [44]	3421 [44]

sc subcutaneous fat, sk skeletal muscle, wm brain white matter, gl glandular breast tissue, br breast fat, rst at rest
^aMean and standard deviation obtained over voxels included within the ROI during one measurement
^bAverage of three batches per bloom value, six disks per batch
^cThree measurements taken within the same phantom at different locations

ISSN: 2050-5736