Table 1 Approaches to FUS control systems with motion compensation
Reference (year) | Group/principal investigators | Tracking source | Prediction | FUS control | Validation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pernot et al. [20] (2004) | Fink, Tanter | 3D US-based tracking (using elements of the therapeutic probe), 10-50 Hz | No | Steered (10-50 Hz) | Ex-vivo |
Marquet et al. [19] (2011) | Fink, Tanter | 3D US-based tracking (using elements of the therapeutic probe), 10 Hz | No | Steered, spiral (10 Hz) | Ex-vivo, in-vivo pig |
de Senneville et al. [21] (2007) | Moonen | MR image-based registration (correlation with motion atlas) | 2 s delay compensation using pre-treatment analysis of periodic motions (average period Fourier decomposition) | Steered | Ex-vivo (phantom moved by motor) |
Ries et al. [22] (2010) | Moonen | 2D MR with prospective slice tracking using pencil-beam navigator; 2D optical flow on GPU | 3D Kalman-predictor for trajectory anticipation (<114 ms latency compensation) | Steered (>10 Hz) | Ex-vivo, in-vivo pigs |
de Senneville et al. [23] (2011) | Moonen | MR (10 Hz), optical flow | Learning motion pattern during preparation | Steered | Hyperthermia, ex-vivo, in-vivo pigs |
Quesson et al. [24] (2011) | Moonen | 5-slice MR (2.5 Hz) | Not reported | Not reported | In-vivo pig |
Holbrook et al. [25] (2014) | Pauly | Respiratory bellow | Look-up table generated in preparation step | 32 target presets | Ex-vivo, in-vivo pig |
Auboiroux et al. [26] (2012) | Salomir | MR compatible US imaging (≥ 20 Hz), optical flow tracking, 2D | No | Steered (8 Hz), single- and multi-focus | Ex-vivo (ventilator-driven balloon) |
Celicanin et al. [27] (2014) | Salomir | MR, 1D pencil-beam navigator (80 ms update) | No | Steered (max 20 Hz) | Ex-vivo, in-vivo sheep |