Table 1 Published literature regarding ultrasound-mediated vasodilation
From: Towards use of MRI-guided ultrasound for treating cerebral vasospasm
Article | Model | US parameters | Results |
|---|---|---|---|
Hightower and Intaglietta 2009 [60] | In vivo Hamster skin ischemia | • 2.5 MHz, continuous wave • 8 W/cm2 • 0.5 MPa • 20-min application to skin | • Microcirculation transiently decreased at 0.5 h but increased at 24 h • iNOS decreased at 2 h • eNOS increased at 24 h |
Miyamoto et al. 2003 [56] | In vivo Canine coronary artery | • 27 kHz • 1.4 W/cm2 SPTA • Pulsed at 300 • 5-, 30-, 60-, and 90-min transcutaneous applications | • 9 % increase in the luminal area after 30 s of US, 19 % increase after 3 min • Return to baseline 90 min after cessation of US |
Alexandrov et al. 2011 [65] | In vivo Transcranial after acute MCA occlusion | • 2 MHz • 0.128 or 0.010 W/cm2 • Transcranial application 1-h exposure after acute MCA occlusion | • Decrease in cerebral edema and infarction volume at 0.010 W/cm2 • No effect at 0.128 W/cm2 |
Suguta et al. 2000 [57] | In vivo Rabbit thigh adductor muscle | • 490 kHz, continuous wave • 0.25–1.7 W/cm2 SATA • 0.35–0.48 W/cm2 SPTA • Direct application | • NO production increased by 20 % • NO elaboration increases within 1 min of US application and decreases within 1 min of cessation • Effect partially ablated by NOS inhibitor L-NMMA |
Suchkova et al. 2002 [71] | In vivo Ischemic rabbit thigh adductor | • 40 kHz • 0.25–0.75 W/cm2 • Direct application | • Tissue perfusion improves over 60-min US application • NOS activity increased; effect blocked by NOS inhibitor L-NAME |
Altlad et al. 2004 [59] | In vitro HUVEC and BAEC cultures | • 27 kHz • 0.025–0.125 W/cm2, continuous wave • 0.25 W/cm2 pulsed 10 % duty cycle (10 Hz, 270 cycles per burst) SPTP • Direct exposure of variable duration, 10 s to 30 min | • Significant increase in NO elaboration and eNOS activity • Effect seen with 10-s application, increased up to 1-min application • Pulsed 10 % duty cycle yielded greater NO than continuous wave |
Iida et al. 2006 [58] | In vivo Human brachial artery | • 29 kHz • 1.4 W/cm2 (0.12 W/cm2 ISATA) • Pulsed at 25 Hz, 30 % duty cycle • Transcutaneous application for 1, 2, 3, or 5 min | • Artery diameter increased after 2 min of US • Returned to baseline 21 min after cessation • Nonresponders were older |
Hsu & Huang 2004 [72] | In vitro BAEC cultures | • 1 MHz 25 % pulsed • 0.5, 1.0, 1.6, and 2.0 W/cm2 ISATA (attenuated to 0.68 W/cm2) • 10 min, once daily for 6 days | • Increased extracellular matrix production in response to US • Culture medium NO increased approximately 50 % at 1.6 W/cm2 • Culture medium Ca2+ increased by approximately 20 % at 1.0, 1.6, and 2.0 W/cm2 |
Davis et al. 2015 [66] | In vitro Primary murine brain endothelial cells | • 1.05 MHz • 0.35, 0.55, 0.90, and 1.30 MPa • Pulsed at 50 Hz | • Increased production of various vasodilator molecules (e.g., adenosine, metabolites of arachidonic acid) in response to US • NO levels undetectable • eNOS phosphorylation unchanged |