Characterization and evaluation of tissue-mimicking gelatin phantoms for use with MRgFUS

Table 4 Comparison of the average properties of commercial and published phantoms with our gelatin phantoms

Manufacturer and phantom type	Speed of sound [m/s]	Attenuation [dB/cm/MHz]	Young’s modulus [kPa]
ATS hydrogel-based [25]	1540	n/a	n/a
ATS rubber-based [25]	1440–1460	0.48–0.52	n/a
CIRS hydrogels [26, 27]	1480–1600	0.45–0.75	3–48
Madsen agar with evaporated milk [16]	1541–1543	0.1–0.7	n/a
Hall gelatins [28]	1559–1600	n/a	3–126
King hydrogel-based^a [29]	1539–1583	0.51–0.55	n/a
Our gelatins with evaporated milk:
125-bloom	1532–1574	0.45–0.55	8–11
175-bloom	1536–1566	0.45–0.61	16–22
250-bloom	1543–1563	0.46–0.62	24–34

Values are given as a range of minimum to maximum, or as ±1 standard deviation of the mean as reported in the literature or on the company’s website
n/a not available
^aKing’s hydrogel phantoms also had a thermal diffusivity of 0.15 mm²/s and a calculated specific heat capacity of 3648 J/kg/K, which are comparable to the values of our measurements in Table 2

ISSN: 2050-5736