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Table 2 Summary of results for skin blood flow and skin temperature over the treatment area

From: Short-term sensory and cutaneous vascular responses to therapeutic ultrasound in the forearms of healthy volunteers

 

Pulsed US group

Continuous US group

Pulsed US (3 MHz)a

Control-p

Control-c

Continuous US (1 MHz)b

 

Before

After

CS

ES

Before

After

CS

ES

Before

After

CS

ES

Before

After

CS

ES

Bf

M

60

M

57.6

2.8*

0.12

M

60.3

M

60

1.1*

−0.07

M

60.6

M

59.9

0.8*

0.03

M

60.6

M

56.9

3.5*

0.2

SD

10.6

SD

11.2

SD

10.7

SD

8.8

SD

8.9

SD

9.9

SD

8.9

SD

10.6

CI

(55–65)

CI

(52–62)

CI

(55–64)

CI

(57–66)

CI

(56–64)

CI

(54–64)

CI

(56–64)

CI

(51–61)

St

M

33.1

M

30.9

2.1*

0.68

M

33.1

M

33

0.1*

−0.04

M

33.4

M

33.1

0.3*

0.2

M

33.1

M

32.1

1.0*

0.42

SD

1.1

SD

1.1

SD

1.2

SD

0.8

SD

1.0

SD

0.9

SD

1

SD

1.2

 

CI

(33–34)

CI

(30–32)

  

CI

(33–34)

CI

(33–33)

  

CI

(33–34)

CI

(33–34)

  

CI

(32–34)

CI

(31–33)

  
  1. aPulsed mode, 3 MHz, 2.5 W/cm2, 5 min.; bcontinuous mode, 1 MHz, 0.8 W/cm2, 3 min. Control-p no US therapy in pulsed US group, Control-c no US therapy in continuous US group, Tx treatment, M mean, CI 95% confidence interval, SD standard deviation, CS change scores, ES effect size r (pre-post/pooled SD), Bf skin blood flow, St skin temperature. *Significance level at p < 0.05.