Fig. 1

Diagram of transgastric (a) and intraductal (b) applicators for ultrasound-based thermal therapy of the pancreas. Transgastric applicators are operated from within a water-cooled catheter (1.6 mm ID, 2.11 mm OD), while intraductal applicators have a thin water-cooled balloon (2.2 mm OD) around the transducers. 2–3 transducers can be mounted on each applicator, with an outer diameter of 1.2 mm and a length of 7.5, 10, or 15 mm